مروری بر میکروالیاف مصنوعی: تولید، خواص، کاربردها و مشکلات زیست محیطی

1] S. Mukhopadhyay and G. Ramakrishnan, “Microfibresˮ,
Text. Prog., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1-86, 2008.
[2] A. Suzuki and N. Mochizuki, “Mechanical properties
and microstructure of poly)ethylene terephthalate(
microfiber prepared by carbon dioxide laser heatingˮ,
J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 90, no. 7, pp. 1955-1958,
2003.

[3] A. Suzuki and D. Mizuochi, “Zone-drawing and zone-annealing of poly(L-lactic acid) microfiber prepared
by CO2 laser-thinning methodˮ, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,
vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 472-478, 2006.
[4] A. Suzuki and S. Narusue, “Isotactic polypropylene
microfiber prepared by carbon dioxide laser-heatingˮ,
J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 1534-1539,
2004.
[5] A. Suzuki and K. Kamata, “Nylon 6 microfiber obtained
by a continuous-thinning method with a carbon
dioxide laserˮ, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 92, no. 3, pp.
1454-1458, 2004.
[6] A. Suzuki and T. Hasegawa, “High temperature zone-
drawing of nylon 66 microfiber prepared by CO2 laser-
thinningˮ, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 42-
47, 2006.
[7] T. Nakajima, K. Kajiwara, and J.E. McIntyre, Advanced
Fiber Spinning Technology, Woodhead, 1994.
[8] W. Stibal and G. Schach, “New economic method to
produce polyester bicomponent fibersˮ, Chem. Fiber.
Int., vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 296-300, 1995.
[9] S. Tomioka and M. Kojima, “Spinnability and
adhesiveness of polypropylene-polyethylene
bicomponent fibersˮ, Sen'i Gakkaishi, vol. 35, no. 12,
pp. T542-T547, 1979.
[10] T. Kikutani, J. Radhakrishnan, S. Arikawa, A. Takaku,
N. Okui, X. Jin et al., “High-speed melt spinning of
bicomponent fibers: Mechanism of fiber structure
development in poly)ethylene terephthalate(/
polypropylene systemˮ, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 62,
no. 11, pp. 1913-1924, 1996.
[11] E. Giza, H. Ito, T. Kikutani, and N. Okui, “Fiber structure
formation in high-speed melt spinning of polyamide 6/
clay hybrid nanocompositeˮ, J. Macromol. Sci., Part
B, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 545-559, 2000.
[12] C.W. Macosko, “Morphology development and control
in immiscible polymer blendsˮ, in Macromolecular
Symposia, Online Library: Wiley, vol. 149, no. 1,
2000, pp. 171-184.
[13] J.Y. Kim, S.H. Kim, and T. Kikutani, “Fiber property
and structure development of polyester blend fibers
reinforced with a thermotropic liquid-crystal polymerˮ,
J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., vol. 42, no. 3, pp.
395-403, 2004.
[14] S.Y. Kim, S.H. Kim, S.H. Lee, and J.R. Youn, “Internal
structure and physical properties of thermotropic
liquid crystal polymer/poly)ethylene 2, 6-naphthalate(
composite fibersˮ, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf.,
vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 607-612, 2009.
[15] R. McCardle, D. Bhattacharyya, and S. Fakirov,
“Effect of reinforcement orientation on the mechanical
properties of microfibrillar PP/PET and PET single-
polymer compositesˮ, Macromol. Mater. Eng., vol.
297, no. 7, pp. 711-723, 2012.[16] S. Sombatdee, T. Amornsakchai, and S. Saikrasun,
“Reinforcing performance of recycled PET microfibrils
in comparison with liquid crystalline polymer for
polypropylene based composite fibersˮ, J. Polym. Res.,
vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1-13, 2012.
[17] R.D. Pike, Sasse, P. Anthony, White, Edward Jason,
Stokes, and Ty Jackson, and I. US Pat. No. 5759926
(to Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Neenah, WI), 2 June
1998.
[18] P. Jingjit and N. Srisawat, “Spinning of photocatalytic
fiber as splittable segmented-pie bi-component fibers
for antibacterial textilesˮ, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.,
vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1554-1561, 2019.
[19] C. Sun, D. Zhang, Y. Liu, and J. Xiao, “Bicomponent
meltblown nonwovens and fibre splittingˮ, J. Ind.
Text., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 17-26, 2004.
[20] J.H. Lee, S.H. Kim, K.J. Lee, D.Y. Lim, and H.Y. Jeon,
“Determining the absorption properties of split-type
microfiber fabrics by measuring the change in color
depthˮ, Text. Res. J., vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 271-278, 2004.
[21] K. Koenig, K. Beukenberg, F. Langensiepen, and G.
Seide, “A new prototype melt-electrospinning device
for the production of biobased thermoplastic sub-
microfibers and nanofibersˮ, Biomater. Res., vol. 23,
no. 1, pp. 1-12, 2019.
[22] J.G. McCulloch, “The history of the development of
melt blowing technologyˮ, Int. Nonwoven. J., no. 1,
1999. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558925099OS-80012
[23] K.C. Dutton, “Overview and analysis of the meltblown
process and parametersˮ, J. Text. Appar., Technol.
Manag., vol. 6, no. 1, 2008.
[24] R. Nayak, “Fabrication and characterisation of
polypropylene nanofibres by melt electrospinning and
meltblowingˮ, Ph.D dissertation, RMIT University,
2012.
[25] N. Deng, H. He, J. Yan, Y. Zhao, E. Ben, J. Yan et al.,
“One-step melt-blowing of multi-scale micro/nano
fabric membrane for advanced air-filtrationˮ, Polymer,
vol. 165, pp. 174-179, 2019.
[26] Y. Pu, J. Zheng, F. Chen, Y. Long, H. Wu, Q. Li et al.,
“Preparation of polypropylene micro and nanofibers
by electrostatic-assisted melt blown and their
applicationˮ, Polymers, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 959, 2018.
[27] R.R. Bresee and W.-C. Ko, “Fiber formation during
melt blowingˮ, Int. Nonwoven. J., vol. 12, no. 2, 2003.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1558925003os-1200209
[28] J. Drabek and M. Zatloukal, “Meltblown technology
for production of polymeric microfibers/nanofibers: A
reviewˮ, Phys. Fluid., vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 091301, 2019.
[29] S. Xie, W. Han, G. Jiang, and C. Chen, “Turbulent air
flow field in slot-die melt blowing for manufacturing
microfibrous nonwoven materials”, J. Mater. Sci., vol.
53, no. 9, pp. 6991-7003, 2018.[30] B.R. Shambaugh, D.V. Papavassiliou, and R.L.
Shambaugh, “Modifying air fields to improve melt
blowing”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 51, no. 8, pp.
3472-3482, 2012.
[31] L. Jarecki, A. Ziabicki, Z. Lewandowski, and A. Blim,
“Dynamics of air drawing in the melt blowing of
nonwovens from isotactic polypropylene by computer
modeling”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 119, no. 1, pp.
53-65, 2011.
[32] Y. Kara and K. Molnár, “A review of processing
strategies to generate melt-blown nano/microfiber
mats for high-efficiency filtration applications”, J. Ind.
Text., vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 137S-180S, 2022.
[33] S.K. Batra and B. Pourdeyhimi, Introduction to
Nonwovens Technology, DEStech Publications, Inc,
2012.
[34] W.H. Hills, Method of making plural component fibers,
US Patent No. 5162074, 1992.
[35] V. Midha and A. Dakuri, “Spun bonding technology
and fabric properties: A review”, J. Text. Eng. Fash.
Technol., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 1-9, 2017.
[36] H. Lim, “A review of spunbond process”, J. Text.
Appar., Technol. Manag., vol. 6, no. 3, 2010.
[37] H. Blades and J.R. White, Fibrillated strand, US Patent
3081519,1963.
[38] S. Cloutier and L.M. Manuel, Flash spinning process
for forming strong discontinuous fibres, US Patent
5415818, 1995.
[39] M. Okamoto, “Spinning of ultra-fine fibers”, Adv.
Fiber Spinn. Technol., pp. 187-207, 1994.
[40] S. Noroozi and S.M. Taghavi, “Ultrafine nanofiber
formation by centrifugal spinning”, Adv. Mater., pp.
143, 2020.
[41] M.R. Badrossamay, H.A. McIlwee, J.A. Goss, and K.K.
Parker, “Nanofiber assembly by rotary jet-spinning”,
Nano lett., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 2257-2261, 2010.
[42] P. Andrade, A. Santo, M. Costa, and A.O. Lobo,
“Production of rotary jet spun ultrathin fibers of
poly-butylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) filled
with nanocompositesˮ, in European Conference on
Biomedical Optics, pp. 104140O, 2017. https://doi.
org/10.1117/12.2286008
[43] B. Atici, C.H. Ünlü, and M. Yanilmaz, “A review
on centrifugally spun fibers and their applications”,
Polym. Rev., vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 1-64, 2022.
[44] Z. McEachin and K. Lozano, “Production and
characterization of polycaprolactone nanofibers via
forcespinning™ technology”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol.
126, no. 2, pp. 473-479, 2012.
[45] A. Formhals, Apparatus for producing artificial
filaments from material such as cellulose acetate, US
Patent 1975504, 1934.
[46] P.K. Baumgarten, “Electrostatic spinning of acrylic
microfibers”, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., vol. 36, no. 1, pp.
71-79, 1971.
[47] S.K. Chae, H. Park, J. Yoon, C.H. Lee, D.J. Ahn,
and J.M. Kim, “Polydiacetylene supramolecules in
electrospun microfibers: fabrication, micropatterning,
and sensor applications”, Adv. Mater., vol. 19, no. 4,
pp. 521-524, 2007.
[48] K. Nasouri, “Novel estimation of morphological
behavior of electrospun nanofibers with artificial
intelligence system (AIS)”, Polym. Test., vol. 69, pp.
499-507, 2018.
[49] K. Nasouri, A. Shoushtari, and A. Kaflou, “Investigation
of polyacrylonitrile electrospun nanofibres morphology
as a function of polymer concentration, viscosity and
Berry number”, Micro Nano Lett., vol. 7, no. 5, pp.
423-426, 2012.
[50] K. Nasouri, A.M. Shoushtari, and M.R.M. Mojtahedi,
“Effects of polymer/solvent systems on electrospun
polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofiber morphology and
diameter”, Polym. Sci. Ser. A, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 747-
755, 2015.
[51] K. Nasouri, H. Bahrambeygi, A. Rabbi, A.M.
Shoushtari, and A. Kaflou, “Modeling and optimization
of electrospun PAN nanofiber diameter using response
surface methodology and artificial neural networks”,
J. Appl. Polym Sci., vol. 126, no. 1, pp. 127-135, 2012.
[52] K. Nasouri, A.M. Shoushtari, and M.R.M. Mojtahedi,
“Thermodynamic studies on polyvinylpyrrolidone
solution systems used for fabrication of electrospun
nanostructures: Effects of the solvent”, Adv. Polym.
Technol., vol. 34, no. 3, 2015.
[53] J.N. Haigh, T.R. Dargaville, and P.D. Dalton, “Additive
manufacturing with polypropylene microfibers”,
Mater. Sci. Eng.: C, vol. 77, pp. 883-887, 2017.
[54] G. Hochleitner, J.F. Hümmer, R. Luxenhofer, and
J. Groll, “High definition fibrous poly(2-ethyl-2-
oxazoline( scaffolds through melt electrospinning
writing”, Polymer, vol. 55, no. 20, pp. 5017-5023,
2014.
[55] J.R. Collier, I.I. Negulescu, B.J. Collier, Cellulosic
Microfibers, US Pat. No. 6511746, 28 Jan 2003.
[56] F.C. Helms Jr., M.O. Ilg, R.D. Kent, B.M. Hoyt,
and A.J. Hodan, US Pat. No. 5948528 )to BASF
Corporation, Mt. Olive, NJ), 7 September 1999.
[57] W. Stibal, 35th International MMF Congress Proc
Conference, Dornbirn, 1996.
[58] W. Peschke, D. Schilo, and M. Weber, Chem. Fibre.
Int., vol. 62, pp. 197-218, 1997.
[59] E. Frank, L.M. Steudle, D. Ingildeev, J.M. Spörl, and
M.R. Buchmeiser, “Carbon fibers: Precursor systems,
processing, structure, and properties”, Angew. Chem.
Int. Edit., vol. 53, no. 21, pp. 5262-5298, 2014.
[60] X. Wang, G. Sun, P. Routh, D.-H. Kim, W. Huang,and P. Chen, “Heteroatom-doped graphene materials:
syntheses, properties and applications”, Chem. Soc.
Rev., vol. 43, no. 20, pp. 7067-7098, 2014.
[61] Y. Liu, X. Dong, and P. Chen, “Biological and chemical
sensors based on graphene materials”, Chem. Soc.
Rev., vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 2283-2307, 2012.
[62] G. Sun, Y. Zhang, and L. Zheng, “Fabrication of
microscale carbon nanotube fibers”, J. Nanomater.,
vol. 2012, 2012.
[63] N. Behabtu, M.J. Green, and M. Pasquali, “Carbon
nanotube-based neat fibers”, Nano Today, vol. 3, no.
5-6, pp. 24-34, 2008.
[64] W. Lu, M. Zu, J.H. Byun, B.S. Kim, and T.W.
Chou, “State of the art of carbon nanotube fibers:
Opportunities and challenges”, Adv. Mater., vol. 24,
no. 14, pp. 1805-1833, 2012.
[65] B. Vigolo, A. Pénicaud, C. Coulon, C. Sauder, R.
Pailler, C. Journet et al., “Macroscopic fibers and
ribbons of oriented carbon nanotubes”, Science, vol.
290, no. 5495, pp. 1331-1334, 2000.
[66] L.M. Ericson, H. Fan, H. Peng, V.A. Davis, W. Zhou,
J. Sulpizio et al., “Macroscopic, neat, single-walled
carbon nanotube fibers”, Science, vol. 305, no. 5689,
pp. 1447-1450, 2004.
[67] K. Jiang, Q. Li, and S. Fan, “Spinning continuous
carbon nanotube yarns”, Nature, vol. 419, no. 6909,
pp. 801-801, 2002.
[68] K. Koziol, J. Vilatela, A. Moisala, M. Motta, P. Cunniff,
M. Sennett et al., “High-performance carbon nanotube
fiber”, Science, vol. 318, no. 5858, pp. 1892-1895,
2007.
[69] Y.-L. Li, I.A. Kinloch, and A.H. Windle, “Direct
spinning of carbon nanotube fibers from chemical
vapor deposition synthesis”, Science, vol. 304, no.
5668, pp. 276-278, 2004.
[70] M. Zhang, K.R. Atkinson, and R.H. Baughman,
“Multifunctional carbon nanotube yarns by downsizing
an ancient technology”, Science, vol. 306, no. 5700,
pp. 1358-1361, 2004.
[71] A.B. Dalton, S. Collins, E. Muñoz, J.M. Razal, V.
Howard Ebron, J.P. Ferraris et al., “Super-tough
carbon-nanotube fibres”, Nature, vol. 423, no. 69, pp.
703-703, 2003.
[72] P. Miaudet, S. Badaire, M. Maugey, A. Derré, V.
Pichot, P. Launois et al., “Hot-drawing of single and
multiwall carbon nanotube fibers for high toughness
and alignment”, Nano lett., vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 2212-
2215, 2005.
[73] M.K. Shin, B. Lee, S.H. Kim, J.A. Lee, G.M. Spinks, S.
Gambhir et al., “Synergistic toughening of composite
fibres by self-alignment of reduced graphene oxide and
carbon nanotubes”, Nat. Commun., vol. 3, no. 1, pp.
1-8, 2012.
[74] B. Vigolo, P. Poulin, M. Lucas, P. Launois, and P.
Bernier, “Improved structure and properties of single-
wall carbon nanotube spun fibers”, Appl. Phys. Lett.,
vol. 81, no. 7, pp. 1210-1212, 2002.
[75] X. Zhang, Q. Li, Y. Tu, Y. Li, J.Y. Coulter, L. Zheng
et al., “Strong carbon-nanotube fibers spun from long
carbon-nanotube arrays”, Small, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 244-
248, 2007.
[76] X. Zhang, K. Jiang, C. Feng, P. Liu, L. Zhang, J. Kong
et al., “Spinning and processing continuous yarns from
4-inch wafer scale super-aligned carbon nanotube
arrays”, Adv. Mater., vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 1505-1510,
2006.
[77] L. Zheng, G. Sun, and Z. Zhan, “Tuning array
morphology for high-strength carbon-nanotube fibers”,
Small, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 132-137, 2010.
[78] D.D.L. Chung, Carbon Fiber Composite, Butterworth-
Heinemann, First Edition, 1994.
[79] P. Morgan, Carbon Fibers and Their Composites,
CRC, Taylor & Francis Group, First edition, 2005.
[80] B. Vishwanath and H. Bhonde, “Comparative study on
spinning of POY for normal and microdenier polyester
yarn”, Man Made Text. India, vol. 41, pp. 293-296,
1998.
[81] S.V. Purane and N.R. Panigrahi, “Microfibers,
microfilaments and their applications”, AUTEX Res.
J., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 148-158, 2007.
[82] J.J. Rogalski, C.W. Bastiaansen, and T. Peijs, “Rotary
jet spinning review–A potential high yield future for
polymer nanofibers”, Nanocomposites, vol. 3, no. 4,
pp. 97-121, 2017.
[83] M.L. Robeson, J.R. Axelrod, and A.T. Manuel, US
Pat. No. 5120598 (Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.,
Allentown, PA( 9 January 1992.
[84] H.G. Meitner, US Pat. No. 4307143 (to Kimberly-
Clark Corporation, Neenah, WI), 22 December 1981.
[85] G.D. Storey and P. Maddern, US Pat. No. 4784892
(to Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, WI), 15
November 1988.
[86] N. Banthia and J. Sheng, “Fracture toughness of micro-
fiber reinforced cement composites”, Cem. Concr.
Compos., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 251-269, 1996.
[87] P.K. Nelson, V.C. Li, and T. Kamada, “Fracture
toughness of microfiber reinforced cement
composites”, J. Mater. Civ. Eng., vol. 14, no. 5, pp.
384-391, 2002.
[88] N. Tanaka and J. Tanaka, “Textile systems and
Breathable filmsˮ, Melliand Int., vol. 6, pp. 137-141,
2000.
[89] T. Chen, L. Qiu, Z. Yang, and H. Peng, “Novel solar
cells in a wire format”, Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 42, no.
12, pp. 5031-5041, 2013.
[90] D. Zou, D. Wang, Z. Chu, Z. Lv, and X. Fan, “Fiber-shaped flexible solar cells”, Coord. Chem. Rev., vol.
254, no. 9-10, pp. 1169-1178, 2010.
[91] F.-R. Fan, L. Lin, G. Zhu, W. Wu, R. Zhang, and Z.L.
Wang, “Transparent triboelectric nanogenerators and
self-powered pressure sensors based on micropatterned
plastic films”, Nano lett., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 3109-3114,
2012.
[92] G. Sun, X. Wang, and P. Chen, “Microfiber devices
based on carbon materials”, Mater. Today, vol. 18, no.
4, pp. 215-226, 2015.
[93] Y. Chen, K. Priyanka Prasad, X. Wang, H. Pang, R.
Yan, A. Than et al., “Enzymeless multi-sugar fuel cells
with high power output based on 3D graphene–Co3O4
hybrid electrodes”, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 15,
no. 23, pp. 9170-9176, 2013.
[94] K.P. Prasad, Y. Chen, and P. Chen, “Three-dimensional
graphene-carbon nanotube hybrid for high-
performance enzymatic biofuel cells”, ACS Appl.
Mater. Interf., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 3387-3393, 2014.
[95] N. Mano, J.L. Fernandez, Y. Kim, W. Shin, A.J. Bard,
and A. Heller, “Oxygen is electroreduced to water on
a “wired” enzyme electrode at a lesser overpotential
than on platinum”, J. Am. Chemical Soc., vol. 125, no.
50, pp. 15290-15291, 2003.
[96] F. Gao, L. Viry, M. Maugey, P. Poulin, and N. Mano,
“Engineering hybrid nanotube wires for high-power
biofuel cells”, Nat. Commun., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-7,
2010.
[97] J. Ren, L. Li, C. Chen, X. Chen, Z. Cai, L. Qiu et al.,
“Twisting carbon nanotube fibers for both wire-shaped
micro-supercapacitor and micro-battery”, Adv. Mater.,
vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 1155-1159, 2013.
[98] H. Lin, W. Weng, J. Ren, L. Qiu, Z. Zhang, P. Chen
et al., “Twisted aligned carbon nanotube/silicon
composite fiber anode for flexible wire-shaped lithium-
ion batteryˮ, Adv. Mater., vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 1217-1222,
2014.
[99] T. Chen, L. Qiu, Z. Yang, Z. Cai, J. Ren, H. Li et al.,
“An integrated “energy wire” for both photoelectric
conversion and energy storage”, Angew. Chem. Int.
Ed., vol. 51, no. 48, pp. 11977-11980, 2012.
[100] X. Xiao, T. Li, P. Yang, Y. Gao, H. Jin, W. Ni et al.,
“Fiber-based all-solid-state flexible supercapacitors
for self-powered systems”, Acs Nano, vol. 6, no. 10,
pp. 9200-9206, 2012.
[101] W. Talataisong, R. Ismaeel, and G. Brambilla, “A
review of microfiber-based temperature sensors”,
Sensors, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 461, 2018.
[102] M. Hamedi, R. Forchheimer, and O. Inganäs,
“Towards woven logic from organic electronic
fibres”, Nat. Mater., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 357-362, 2007.
[103] M. Hamedi, L. Herlogsson, X. Crispin, R. Marcilla,
M. Berggren, and O. Inganäs, “Fiber-embedded
electrolyte-gated field-effect transistors for
e-textiles”, Adv. Mater., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 573-577,
2009.
[104] C. Müller, M. Hamedi, R. Karlsson, R. Jansson,
R. Marcilla, M. Hedhammar et al., “Woven
electrochemical transistors on silk fibers”, Adv.
Mater., vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 898-901, 2011.
[105] G. Sun, J. Liu, L. Zheng, W. Huang, and H. Zhang,
“Preparation of weavable, all-carbon fibers for non-
volatile memory devices”, Angew. Chem., vol. 125,
no. 50 ,pp. 13593-13597, 2013.
[106] X. Wang, B. Liu, R. Liu, Q. Wang, X. Hou, D. Chen
et al., “Fiber-based flexible all-solid-state asymmetric
supercapacitors for integrated photodetecting
system”, Angew. Chem., vol. 126, no. 7, pp. 1880-
1884, 2014.
[107] R.P. Singh, S. Mishra, and A.P. Das, “Synthetic
microfibers: pollution toxicity and remediation”,
Chemosphere, vol. 257, pp. 127199, 2020.
[108] B. Henry, K. Laitala, and I.G. Klepp, “Microfibres
from apparel and home textiles: Prospects
for including microplastics in environmental
sustainability assessment”, Sci. Total Environ., vol.
652, pp. 483-494, 2019.
[109] I.E. Napper and R.C. Thompson, “Release of
synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic
washing machines: effects of fabric type and washing
conditions”, Mar. Pollut. Bull., vol. 112, no. 1-2, pp.
39-45, 2016.
[110] U. Pirc, M. Vidmar, A. Mozer, and A. Kržan,
“Emissions of microplastic fibers from microfiber
fleece during domestic washing”, Environ. Sci.
Pollut. Res., vol. 23, no. 21, pp. 22206-22211, 2016.
[111] F. De Falco, E. Di Pace, M. Cocca, and M. Avella,
“The contribution of washing processes of synthetic
clothes to microplastic pollution”, Sci. Rep., vol. 9no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2019.